The Morality Question of Gambling - 1298 Words

Introduction The debate on whether or not gambling should be regarded acceptable from a moral point of view has been ongoing for quite a while. However, one aspect of gambling that has been overlooked frequently has got to do with individual freedom. Ordinarily, people should have a right to choose whether or not to engage in gambling. Indeed, the freedom accorded to individuals to engage in activities of their choice as long as they do not interfere with the freedom of others can be regarded one of the key determinants of a truly free society. Gambling: An Overview Gambling in the words of McLean and Yoder (2005) means risking something of value, usually money, on an event that has an unknown outcome. In the opinion of the authors, gambling can assume various forms including but not in any way limited to casino games, betting on sporting events, playing bingo, buying raffle tickets, and playing lotteries (McLean and Yoder, 2005). Over time, gambling has grown in popularity with the same being legalized in many jurisdictions across the world. However, those opposed to gambling and the legalization of the same continue to cite various reasons in an attempt to backup their assertions. One of the reasons cited by those opposed to gambling according to McLean and Yoder (2005) is that the costs of gambling easily outweigh the benefits associated with the same. This argument advances the idea that the interests of the society override those of an individual. Thus theShow MoreRelatedIs Casino Development Moral? Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesThe legalization of gambling and casino development in communities has become a heated debate topic in recent years. As with any debate, there are two sides presenting valid arguments. The purpose of this paper is to present information from the perspectives of those both in favor of and opposed to the legalization of gambling and casino development in their communities. The paper concludes with the application of ethical theories to help determine the morality of casino development. Positions RegardingRead MoreDavid and Goliath World Trade Organization Case Study Essay1149 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment; his conviction resulted in a battle between the U.S. and the two small Caribbean islands of Barbuda and Antigua. The epic battle of David and Goliath was mediated by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and raised a lot of interesting questions about international trade and internet gaming (Steiner, Steiner, 2009). The following case study analysis will describe the central issue of the case and the relevant facts, as well as the external operating environments that WSE had to contend withRead MoreReligious Education1705 Words   |  7 PagesReligious Education Essay – Is basing religion on morality a good idea? Is basing religion on morality a good idea? Many people agree although some atheists may disagree. One common complaint about secularism is that religion and belief in God are fundamentals for morality, justice, and a democratic society. The basic premise here is that the only values which ultimately matter are those which are transcendent, and such values can only be perceived and understood through religious tradition andRead MoreConsent Is A Vital Part Of Human Socialization1593 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"victimless† because the would-be victim consented to the crime. (Dempsey, 2013) There are two sides to every jail cell, meaning that the question â€Å"Does victimless crime exist?† has contrary answers depending on who’s answering. This paper’s assertion is in support of the present factor of victimhood for an act to be considered a crime. In Crime and Morality by Hans Boutellier, it is explained that â€Å"[Bedau (1974)] wonders whether there really is such a thing as victimless crime. ‘If there are crimesRead MoreThe Trade Organization ( Wto ) Rulebook794 Words   |  4 Pages(WTO) rulebook should be updated and strengthened to manage the interface between trade and other policy areas. It is vital to promote society’s moral policy to gain public support for trading system. The question arisen whether the WTO is well placed to make substantive judgement on ‘public morality’. If the WTO is placed to regulate on its Members’ moral choices, States will lose regulatory autonomy. It is suggested that the WTOà ¢â‚¬â„¢s Member States should negotiate and provide a uniform definition ratherRead MoreEssay about Crime876 Words   |  4 Pageswhen people refer to quot;crime in the streets .quot; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Crimes against public order or morality include: disorderly conduct, gambling, prostitution, public drunkenness, and loitering. These offenses generally involve lighter penalties than do crimes against people or property. Experts question whether some offenses against public order or morality should be considered crimes because many of them believe that alcoholism is a medical problem and that the offender shouldRead More GAMBLING FOR EDUCATION Essay906 Words   |  4 Pages GAMBLING FOR EDUCATION â€Å" You cannot ignore the fact that there will be divorce problems, domestic abuse problems, homelessness and addiction problems if you pass this bill †(Williams). Senator J.T. â€Å"Jabo† Waggoner, of Alabama, made this statement opposing the lottery bill. At first glance, this would put fear in the predominantly protestant state of Alabama, which is in the heart of the Bible Belt, as well as surrounding states that are trying to obtain a lottery. However, these problems are prevalentRead MoreMoral Relativism And The Biblical Worldview Of What Is Right And Wrong950 Words   |  4 PagesChristians have a worldview that believes otherwise based on the biblical worldview of what is right and wrong proposed by James Sire. Issues that are ethically questionable but not specifically banned in Leviticus, or in the Bible in general, such as gambling, drinking alcohol, and divorce are examples of how even seemingly unclear topics are still outlined by God. The Lord gives Ch ristians the instinctive knowledge of right and wrong based on Scripture that does not and will never change, contradictoryRead MoreLegalized Gambling in Hawaii1683 Words   |  7 Pagesstreets, and do the unthinkable. The tolerance of drugs, prostitution, gambling, 24-hour liquor sales, gang violence, and the emphasis on the nightlife give Las Vegas its nickname, Sin City. Also known as The Entertainment Capital of the World, Las Vegas is a world-wide attraction for people from all walks of life. Whether visitors are seeking relaxation in one of Las Vegas’s five-star hotel casinos along with entertainment, gambling, shopping, and fine dining; employment or a new home in the nation’sRead MoreThe Religion of Islam Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pagescounted for anything has had ready answers to three questions: What does it promise to do for the good of man? What is the nature of the higher Power on whose succor it relies? And, what is required of man as the condition of receiving the expected benefits? A further working test of its value is what it makes of morality. For Christianity, the appropriate question is What do Christians believe? In contrast, for Islam, the correct question is What do Muslims do? Whereas in Christianity, theology

Essay on Nursing Ethics - 977 Words

Ethics in Nursing Overview According to Aiken (2004) â€Å"Ethics is the discipline that deals with rightness and wrongness of actions†. The goal is similar to that of the legal system except that in most cases there is no system of enforcement or ethical penalties. â€Å"General ethics is the consideration of the morality of human acts in general†. (Fitzpatrick 2002) In nursing, ethical issues arise daily. There are issues such as death, dying, birth, abortion, genetics, quality of life, and general human rights. The legal system and ethical system overlap in most situations. Every patient contact can produce a legal or ethical situation. Ethics is an area that changes with time. As our earth continues to evolve new†¦show more content†¦In deontology â€Å"The ends can never justify the means†. (Kay 1997) This form of ethical thinking was formalized by Immanuel Kant in the 1700’s, according to his thoughts â€Å"Always act in such a way that you can also wi ll that the maxim of your action should become a universal law†. (Kay 1997) Utilitarianism This form of ethical thinking believes that a moral is the action that results in the greater amount of happiness for the great number of people. Everyone is considered equal. According to 19th century philosopher John Stuart Mill â€Å"An action is right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong if it tends to produce the reverse of happiness, not just the happiness of the performer of the action, but also everyone affected by it.† (West 2008) Commonalities When examining these two ethical views you notice that both deal with universal laws and ethical issues. They both look at morality and make it objective, scientific and rational. Deontology and Utilitarianism both include the nature of right and wrong, and human nature and choice. Advantages/Disadvantages When you look at Deontology, this ethical vision looks out for each individual. Every on treated exactly the same, regardless of circumstances. Each ethical law is absolute and can be looked at in one way. The advantage I see is that no one can read into or change ethical laws to suit them; the disadvantage I see is the same. There are issues inShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Nursing Ethics1540 Words   |  7 Pagesand respirators are terms typically appalling and scary to society. In the nursing profession, it is often that nurses will deal with these two appalling terms. A case involving these two terms has been analyzed in regards to nursing ethics. Nursing ethics involves several different complex ideas and with the aid of the four way method one is able to analyze and make a decision in regards to controversial and difficult nursing situations. The four way method helped analyze a fourteen year old boys,Read MoreNursing ethics2164 Words   |  9 PagesFor the purpose of this assignment, ethics in relation to nursing will be discussed. Ethics; A code of principles governing correct behaviour, which in the nursing profession includes behaviour towards patients and their families, visitorsand colleagues (Oxford Dictionary of Nursing 2004). This assignment will consider autonomy as identified in a practice placement, but will also look briefly at the ethical principle of non-malefience that is relevant in this assignment. It will also closely lookRead More Nursing Ethics Essay838 Words   |  4 Pageswhen deterioration of health has become irreversible. A traditional ideal of nursing is caring and nurturing of human beings regardless of race, religion, status, age, gender, diagnosis, or any other grounds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nursing care is based on the development of a helping relationship and the implementation and evaluation of therapeutic processes. Therapeutic process includes health promotion, education, counseling, nursing interventions and empowerment of individuals, families or groups. It helps individualsRead MoreThe Nursing Code Of Ethics895 Words   |  4 Pagescareers have a specific code and level of ethics which are incorporated into the daily responsibilities one is expected to perform in their chosen field. For the basis of this paper, I have chosen to write about the nursing code of ethics. Nursing has a professional code along with the level/employee behavior usually being currently attainable, which means that the behavior expected is normally exhibited by individuals. (Manias 508). However, although nursing seems to require behavior that is â€Å"normally†Read MoreEssay on Ethics in Nursing1587 Words   |  7 Pages Health amp; Healing 2 Scholarly Assignment Nurses are to provide compassionate, competent, and ethical care, and follow the moral principles and guidelines set out by the College of Nurses and the Canadian Nurse’s Association’s code of ethics. The nursing profession is a self-sacrificing one, and nurses take on the Nightingale Pledge, to elevate the standard of their practice and dedicate themselves to those committed in their care (Keatings amp; Smith, 2010, p. 64) However unfavourable workingRead MoreNursing Ethics and Values1885 Words   |  8 PagesAnalysis As a registered nurse practicing in the state of California I am responsible for practicing within my states legal regulations and nursing scope of practice. My concern for the welfare of the sick and injured allows me to practice ethical provisions of nursing. These are required if I am to carry out competent and effective nursing care. Nursing encompasses the prevention of illness, the alleviation of suffering, and the protection, promotion, and restoration of health in the care ofRead MoreCode of Ethics - Nursing1478 Words   |  6 Pagesmoral norms which nurses are expected to adhere to and embrace. In a nursing profession, daily decisions have real impact on other people’s lives. The responsibility of such decisions creates the need for nurses to have knowledge and skills that enable them to not only provide physical and psychological care, but also to critique and reflect on the standard of health care practices. For the nurses to do this, they must understand ethics and ways in which to utilize this knowledge in a constructive andRead MoreCodes of Ethics in Nursing3690 Words   |  15 PagesCODE OF ETHICS IN NURSING * The fundamental responsibility of the nurse is fourfold: to promote health, to prevent illness, to restore health and to alleviate suffering. * The need for nursing is universal. Inherent in nursing is respect for life, dignity and the rights of man. It is unrestricted by consideration of nationality, race, creed, color, age sex, politics, or social status. * Nurses render health services to the individual, the family and the community and coordinate theirRead MoreThe Nursing Ethics Of Advocacy919 Words   |  4 Pagesmoral dilemma, a competent nurse incorporates ethical, bioethical and legal considerations. In the proposed story, incorporating the nursing ethics of advocacy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and collaboration will guide the nurse towards an appropriate and legal course of action. Primary Ethical Principle: Advocacy Advocacy is a fundamental responsibility in nursing because patients are inherently vulnerable (Creasia Friberg, 2011). The scenario presented is challenging because, although the nurseRead MoreReviewing The Ethics Of Nursing1711 Words   |  7 Pages Reviewing the Ethics of Nursing In this paper I will explore an ethical dilemma that may arise within my nursing practice. I have presented a narrative, from the article â€Å"A Dilemma in the Emergency Room†, that portrays an ethical situation involving patient confidentiality. I will focus on Standard IV: Ethical Practice of the College of Registered Nurses of British (CRNBC) as well as the other (CRNBC) Standards of Practice to further evolve my understanding of ethics from what I have learnt

Commiment in Diasporic Literature Free Essays

Commitment stands at the opposite pole from compromise. The modern concept of committed literature emerged from the conflict of 20th century ideologies that have reflected the deep social changes of our times – the domination of Nazism and Communism in Europe, the victory of world Capitalism over Communism, and today the clash between market ideology and the rich world on one hand and on the other the growing rebellion of the impoverished, non-developing four-fifths of our planet. Today’s social situation obligates the writer to examine his position in the world and his responsibility to other men. We will write a custom essay sample on Commiment in Diasporic Literature or any similar topic only for you Order Now I believe it obligates the writer to approach his work in a committed way. To resist the temptation of compromise and conformity the writer must be devoted to the autonomy of literature. The honest writer must stand inside society – not in the shadows of the periphery – and he must tell the truth. I believe that commitment to truth is inherent in the act of good writing. It is a moral absolute. To write is to reveal an aspect of the world in order to change it. In that respect writing is and has always been didactic. One will note that commitment and involvement are closely linked; however, though involvement is inevitable for the writer, his commitment does not come about automatically. Not all writers are even conscious of their involvement; but the committed writer is aware of the world around him and his literature is the result of his attitude toward it. Thus commitment involves the writer’s trying to summarize and then reflect through his work a picture of the human condition – which is also social – without however losing sight of the individual.Exponents of committed literature reject the fallacy that art is a thing apart; despite the obstacles politics raises, art, I believe, is part and parcel of the social. It is also a truism that writing is a social act insofar as it derives from the will to communicate with others and from its resolve to change things – in the sense of achieving something or resolvi ng social questions. The artist wants to remake the world. And his passion must be freedom. In France, Bernard-Henri Levy and other nouveaux philosophers, made careers debunking intellectual commitment.Their message diffused throughout the world after the fall of Communism in East Europe was that one could no longer take socialist ideas seriously. Levy said: â€Å"When intellectuals let themselves believe in a community of men, they are never far away from barbarism. † I find this no less than an apology for totalitarianism. Levy and friends became opportunistic journalists and found easy targets among French committed writers: Sartre had after all flirted with terrorists of the German Baader-Meinhof Gang and Regis Debray trained in guerrilla warfare in Bolivia with Che Guevara.Post-commitment intellectuals in France, as in much of the rich world today, came to find themselves in the blind alley of having to try to justify social injustice. Conformists under the guise of free marketers tell us that rich countries have no responsibility for problems of the Third World – as if we didn’t all belong to the same world. Susan Sontag wrote that pleasure has nothing to do with the artistic experience. Certainly literature’s ultimate role is not to embellish and provide people a pleasant Saturday evening alternative to a movie or bowling.Literature is not fashion and fad; it is serious business. The belief in art for art’s sake, according to the Russian Communist theorist Georgy Plekhanov, â€Å"arises when artists and people keenly interested in art are hopelessly out of harmony with their social environment. † It has been said that art for art’s sake is the attempt to instill ideal life in one who has no real life and is an admission that the human race has outgrown the artist. Instead of the radiant future, committed literature depicts the lives of other people, however ugly or illum inating. It contains both human truths and human potential. Since my daughter’s measles or a flat tire on the way shopping are boring and their presentation in fiction is mere recording, the literary author must instead total up and interpret human experience. Fiction will always be a concentrate of many peoples’ lives and experiences. Since society itself seldom offers perfectly ready characters for fiction, the author’s imagination and interpretation of humanity stands at the center of the novel – and in a special way at the center of the committed novel.What the writer concludes and narrates about these lives and experiences can be true – or not. The road of commitment is lined by the canonical names of literary history. At the time of the French Revolution, Wordsworth wrote his greatest poems like â€Å"The Ruined Cottage† and â€Å"The Old Cumberland Beggar† – widely considered the most beautiful in the English language – whi ch depict the sufferings of the English lower classes. Shelley – labeled by Harold Bloom the Leon Trotsky of his day – and Keats and Hazlitt, realized Wordsworth’s genius for teaching and instilling in others sympathy for all those in distress.For the great Wordsworth counted perforce genius, transcendence, and his personal epiphanies. Like his characters he was forever the stranger. An aura of otherworldliness marked his genius and rankled his contemporaries because he spoke from the beyond. But through all his strangeness, he also cared. They all care, the committed writers. Commitment may be expressed also in the writer’s search in himself for authenticity, reaching deep into himself to the place where truth lies The enormity of universal problems today has overwhelmed the objection that modern society has made the concept of literary commitment obsolete. On the contrary, it seems. Not only social problems like alienation, the role of pop culture at the expense of culture but also questions of truth and freedom, war and peace, market economy and poverty, the environment and scientific advances, underline the heightened need for socially aware committed literature. The characters in committed writing must be firmly rooted inside society. They face the whole gamut of social problems. Committed writers believe that human freedom itself is a social conquest and must be constantly reclaimed.Perhaps the basic inadequacy of our literature today may not be the purported haste or prolificacy that characterizes it, but the inability of the writers to match craft with social commitment. Diasporic literature is committed to realism, to nation and to its native culture. A Diasporic writer can never give up his native identity and he always remain attached to his native country. The term ‘Diaspora’ literally means ‘the dispersion of people from their traditional homeland’. It was originally used in the context of the scattering of Jewish people to various countries following their exile in 6th Century B.C. Diasporas ‘the voluntary or forced movement of peoples from their homelands’ into new countries and continents is an important fact of colonization. Colonialism itself was essentially a large scale diasporic movement which involved the temporary or permanent dispersion of millions of Europeans all over the world. However, in the post-colonial scenario, there is a turn around in the situation with people from Asian and other countries migrating to Europe, America and Australia for economic betterment, intellectual development, etc. Diaspora can be considered a separation from the home culture and a simultaneous entanglement with the host cultures. Hence writers like Homi K Bhabha see the migrant nostalgia as always ‘infiltrated hybridity’, involving the interpellation of the host culture and distancing the migrant from his originary culture. A lot of literature has been written about the multifarious experiences of the immigrants who have settled in different countries.The immigrants of the earlier centuries migrated and settled in the host country once and for all because the facilities for travel and communication were not the same as they are today. The distances made it very difficult, if not impossible, for them to go back to the land of their origin. So they were mentally prepared to adopt the culture of the host country. But in the present globalised world modern technology has made it possible for an immigrant to have access to the place of his birth because of the fast means of travel and communication. So, it is easier for him now to move back to his native country if he fails to adapt to the culture of the adopted country. Immigrants to new countries go through a process of identity formation experiencing nostalgia for their home countries and either adopting a new identity or selectively maintaining their original cultures. These immigrants settling in foreign countries must decide which parts of their tradition to retain and which to relinquish. When the migrant comes into contact with another culture, the process of acculturation begins to take place.Acculturation, in fact, means the exchange of cultural features that results when groups of individuals having different cultures come in continuous first-hand contact. The original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered but the groups remain distinct. Migrant literature often focuses on the social and cultural context of the migrant country, and the which the migrant may get there, experiences of racism and host ility as we see in Australia these days and a sense of rootlessnesss of the migrant and their search for identity which can result from displacement and cultural diversity. In the context of South Asia the immigrant experience can be traced in the works of various South Asian novelists namely, Anita Desai, Jhumpa Lahiri, Manju Kapur, Bapsi Sidhwa, Monica Ali, Yasmine Gooneratne, Shaila Abdullah to name only a few. Among men novelists we have Amitav Ghosh, Nadeen Aslam, V. S. Naipaul, Salman Rushdie, Rohinton Mistry and others who have written novels based on the varied experiences of the immigrants. Some of their novels have presented the diasporic journey as a transit from ‘the site of cultural nostalgia, through cultural syncretism, and finally cultural synthesis. The characters in the novels of these writers are caught in the paradoxical situation of riding to cultural horses at the same time. Like the despoliation of virginity, the sudden destabilization of nativitism results, in some cases, in a traumatic experience and a plurality of vision-‘yearning back’ and ‘looking forward’. They seem to belong to ‘here, there, nowhere. ’ This cultural displacement and spatial dislocation from their ‘abandoned home land’ to their ‘adopted alien land’ put the migrants in an unpredictable situation and some of them feel alone, alienated, adrift, as if ‘lost in a haunted wood’, to use W.H. Auden’s phrase; others suffer from existential angst in ‘realms yet unknown’. Jhumpa Lahiri’s ‘The Namesake’, explores emotional and cultural themes. Moving between events in Calcutta, Boston and New York city, the novel examines the nuances involved with being caught between two conflicting cultures with their highly distinct religious , social and ideological differences, ‘ The Namesake’ is a documentary of the lives of the immigrants who fell displaced and homesick floating in an anonymous island far away from home. The Namesake’ is built around the theme of the uneasy statu s of the immigrant, rediscovery of his roots and finding an identity in a country that will treat you as an alien even if you were born there. ‘The Namesake’ is a cross-cultural multi-generational saga of a Hindu Bengali family’s journey to self acceptance in Boston. . Jhumpa Lahiri potrays the temperaments of the Calcutta-born parents, Ashima and Ashoke Ganguly , a pair tied to their Indian roots , custom and rituals , the novel chronicles the life of Gogol Ganguli from his birth in the 1960 to the present .The majority of second generation Bengali children become gradually Americanized and less drawn to tradition. Gogol is divided into this dual Indian, American life and never fitting anywhere. This perspective changes dramatically over the years and he becomes a man who seeks a connection with the family of his origin. Despite all his efforts Gogol couldn’t ignore the memories of his past, his name, his parents and his Indian heritage. After his father’s death he realizes that he can’t simply walk away from who he is and begins to feel that his efforts to create an entirely new persona are just reactions against the past.In order to make peace with his past he accepts his heritage and becomes a student of his past. Thus the story of Gogol develops progressively through the novel into the allegorical saga of diasporic decenterdness. Bharati Mukherjee is a Calcutta-born Indian who emigrated to Canada with her husband in 1968. Fed up with Canada, Mukherjee and her family moved to the United States in 1980. Her main theme throughout her writing discusses the condition of Asian immigrants in north America with particular attention to the changes taking place in South Asian women in a new world. Jasmine’ is the story of dislocation and relocation as the title character continually sheds lives to move into other roles moving further westward while constantly fleeing pieces of her past. The state of exile, a sense of loss, the pain of separation and disorientation makes Bharati Mukherjee’s novel ‘Jasmine’ a quest for identity in an alien land. Jasmine, the protagonist of the novel, undergoes several transformations during her journey of life in America, Jyoti to Jasmine to Jane and often experiences a deep sense of estrangement resulting in a fluid state of identity.Jasmine sways between the past and the present attempting to come to terms with the two worlds, one of nativity and the other as an immigrant. Hailing from an oppressive and a rural family in India Jyoti comes to America in search of a more fruitful life and to realize the dreams of her husband, Parkash. She begins her journey westward and her quest for a new self. She undergoes her first transformation from a dutiful wife when she meets the intellectual Taylor who calls her Jase and then moves on to become Bud’s Jane.Jasmine becomes a transnational migrant and assimilation fo rces a hurried rebalancing of modern and traditional norms. Memories of past weigh heavily as they become strangers in the foreign land, suspended between two worlds. The original culture cannot be left untouched and extended contact with others engenders a hybridity of self and other selves. Bapsi Sidhwa is the author of four novels and one of Pakistan’s most prominent English fiction writers. She is widely recognized as one of the most prominent Pakistani-Anglophone novelists writing today. She was raised in the Parsi community, a religious and ethnic minority in Pakistan .Critics regard Sidhwa as a feminist post-colonial Asian author whose provide a unique perspective on Indian and Pakistani history, politics and culture. Her characters are caught up in the historical events surrounding the geographical and social division or partition of India and Pakistan in 1947 and the subsequent development of Pakistan as an independent nation. Her recurring themes include human relationships and betrayals, the coming of age and its attendant disillusionment, immigration and cultural hybridity as well as social and political upheavals.Since moving to the United States and becoming a naturalized US citizen, Sidhwa has written ‘An American Brat’ in 1993, which describes the Americanizations of a young Parsi woman. In ‘An American Brat’, the protagonist is Feroza, an 18-year old Parsi from Lahore. Her mother fearing that Feroza is becoming too timid in her surroundings sends her to America for 3 months under the care of her uncle who is studying at M. I. T . Despite his own early difficulties adjusting to life in America, Manek convinces Feroza to stay on as a student majoring in hotel management. Manek adopts the American culture and becomes Mike and he works for NASA in Housten but returns to Pakistan to find a suitable and submissive wife. Feroza goes much further when she decides to marry David Press an American Jew. Her mother does not want her to marry him. As Feroza’s mother, Zareen, is a conservative, she knows what Feroza’s marrying outside the small Parsi community will mean her daughter’s spiritual exile and the Parsi community will not accept her.In this novel the mother daughter relationship is the perfect disguise for considering a number of related issues having to do with religious, ethnic, national and personal identity. This is after all a novel about various conflicts or tensions between husbands and wives mothers and daughters, young and old, conservative and progressive, East and West, India and Pakistan, Parsi and Muslim, the sacred and the profane, the haves and have-nots. Monica Ali is a Bangladeshi-Muslim. Her debut novel ‘Brick Lane’ tells the story of Nazneen, who comes to England from Bangladesh at the age of 18 for an arranged marriage to Chanu.He is both pompous and ineffectual. When she arrives there she can speak only two words of English but she falls into the role of a dutiful wife and mother. She is not only an outsider or an immigrant to a foreign land but her Bangladeshi roots keep her in a subservient role in her marriage and family. Her younger sister Hasina went in for love marriage instead of the arranged marriage as was the case with Nazneen and so her family disowned her. The only contact between two sisters is only through letters as there is nobody to help Hasina.Through her letters Monica Ali shows the similarities and contrasts in the lives of Nazneen and Hasina, both second class citizens, powerless to control their own fate in the culture in which they live. ‘Brick Lane’ shows the emotional conflicts of an immigrant who is attracted by the possibilities of a new culture which is radically different from the culture of the past. While the first generation immigrant like Nazneen may adhere to the old culture for a long time, some adaptation usually occurs and the second generation for whom there are no direct ties to the old culture, often accepts the new culture fully, .Monica Ali sets her novel in the complex reality of a multi-ethnic East London neighbourhood where migrants from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh live- form an ethnically and culturally diverse country themselves. When people move from there to England they take their nationality and those identities with them. It is perhaps inevitable that old country alliances and conflicts continue in the new home. Diaspora Literature includes an ‘idea of a homeland, a place where there was movement and stories on the journey are undertaken because of economic constrai nts.In essence, a minority community is the Diaspora living in exile. The Oxford English Dictionary 1989 edition (second) trace the etymology of the word â€Å"diaspora† return to the Greek root, and its appearance in the Old Testament (German: 28:25), because those references. God’s intention for the people of Israel to world wide. The Oxford English Dictionary began here with History judice, where only two types of distribution: the â€Å"Jews who live scattered among the Jews after the exile of Christians and Jews out of Palestine.Allocation (initially) indicates the position of a fluid human autonomous area with a complex series of negotiations and exchanges between nostalgia and longing for the homeland and create a new home, adjusting to capacity, the relationship between minority and majority, with representatives of minority rights and their peoples homes and essential operations of the Contact Zone – an area changed with the possibility of multiple challenges. People migrate to another country for exile home Living in pe ace, but lost the house immaterial Birth of Diasporic LiteratureBut the 1993 version of the definition of the Shorter Oxford, found the Diaspora. While still insisting oncapitalization of first letter, â€Å"Diaspora† now refers to someone from people outside their traditional homeland. In the tradition of Hindu-Christian Satan fall from heaven, and the separation of humanity from the Garden of Eden, metaphorically, separation from God is diasporic situations. Etymologically, â€Å"Diaspora†, with its political connotative derived from greek and means to spread and indicates a voluntary movement or violent peoplecountry into new areas â€Å"(.Pp. 68-69) Under colonialism, diaspora â€Å"is a multi-movement, which implies Standing by the temporary movement of Europeans throughout the world Other, leading to the colonial settlement. Impact period, and then a subsequent economic exploitation of occupied territories need a comprehensive intervention that the room must be met. This leads to: Other Diaspora because of the slavery of Africans and their transfer to sites the British colonies. After slavery was the law made the constant demand for workers created by tour serious work.This leads to: Large bodies of people from poor areas in India, China and the West Indies, Malaysia, Fiji. Eastern and Southern Africa, etc. William Sarfan suggest that minorities diaspora term can be applied to communities whose members share some common characteristics given below: 1. They or their parents were missing from a specific original ‘center’ or two or more â€Å"peripheral† of foreign territories; 2. They retain a collective memory, vision or myth of their original homeland, its physical location, istory and achievements; 3. They think that they are not and perhaps can-not-fully accepted by their loss of society and therefore feel partly alienated and abused there; 4. They may their ancestral homeland, so it is true, ideal home and the place where they or their descendents would (or should) ultimately rule if circumstances exist; 5. They believe that the collective should be required to maintain or restore their homes and the safety and welfare, and 6. They still relate personally and replacing it with the country in one way or another, and their ethno-communal consciousness and solidarity are primarily dependent on the existence of such a relationship (cited in William Safren SatendraNandan: â€Å"Diasporic consciousness† post-colonial form asking: Column Theory, Text and Context, Editors: Harish Trivedi and Meenakshi Mukherjee, Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, 1996, p. 53) There is a problem with the diaspora expressed, and as such, offers many different meanings of the conceptual categories of the word star.Robin Cohen ranking diaspora as: 1st:Victimdiasporas 2nd:jobdiasporas 3rd:Imperialdiasporas 4th:TradeDiasporas 5th:Homelanddiasporas 6th :CulturalDiasporas The author is a common element in all types of Diaspora, are the people who live outside their Natal (Natal or believe) areas’ (x), and recognize that their traditional lands are deep in the languages they speak, religion accept and reflect the cultures that produce them. Each category of Diaspora emphasizes a particular reason for migration is usually associated with certain groups of people.So For example, that Africans, through their experience of victims of slavery registered transmigration extremely aggressive. Even in an era of technological advances that have made travel easier and shorter distance that the term diaspora to lose its original meaning, but also appears in another form healthier than the last. At first, it is with people tied to their countries of origin. Their sense of desire to country a remarkable commitment to its traditions, religions and languages, gives birth Diasporic literature primarily concerned with the person or community involvement in the country. Migrants receive evil on earth ‘(Rushdie).Running from place to place, crossing the boundaries of time, memory and history, parcels and boxes â€Å"are always with them with the vision and dream of returning home, if and when love and finding only return. Although it is a evident truth that your dreams are useless and can not return home is â€Å"metaphorical† (Hall). Nostalgia for the homeland are offset by a desire to belong to the new house, so immigrants remain a creature of the board, the board of a man (Rushdie). Naipaul the Indians are well aware that their trip to Trinidad, was last â€Å"(Duck Dentseh), but the stress and busy with a recurring theme in the Diaspora continues Literature.Diaspora 1. Forced 2. Voluntary Indian Diaspora can be divided into two types: 1st Forced migration to Africa, Fiji or the Caribbean on behalf of slavery or contract workers in the 18th or 19th century. Migration to the United States 2. Voluntary, United Kingdom, Germany, France and other European countries because of professional or academic. According to Marc, â€Å"Amitava the Indian diaspora is one of the great demographic collapsein modern times â€Å"(Ghosh) and each day grow and take shape of a representative of an important factor in world culture.If we Markand Paranjpe, there are two different phases of the diaspora, diaspora visitors and settlers called diaspora equal Maxwell† Invader â€Å"and† settlers â€Å"colonialists. The first includes the diaspora and subordinate classes dispriveledged forced sale is one ticket for a solution distant diaspora. As in the daysYesterday, returning home was almost impossible due to lack of adequate transport, economic shortages, and large distances, so the physical distance is a psychological disposition, and the country is the sacred symbol of Diasporic fantasy writers as well.But the second diaspora are the result of human choices and taste for material gains, professional and commercial interests. This is especially privileged to view and access toToday’s advanced technologies and communications. There is no shortage of money or resources are more visible economic benefits and lifestyles promoted by Visa and means of frequent flyers. So Vijay Mishra is correct when he thinks U. S. Naipaul as founder of the old diaspora, but it is wrong to see Salman Rushdie as a representative of the modern (second) of the diaspora in the United States Naipaul portrays curious search of the roots of his â€Å"A House for Mr. .Biswas: â€Å"Having lived without even groped to claim a piece of land a husband, who lived and died than were born, unnecessary and quartered. (Naipaul, 14) similar Mohan Biswas of pilgrimage in the next 35 years, he became a vagabond without a place to call his own â€Å"(Ibid. 40) Similarly, Rushdie’s Midnight Children and Shame are allowed to take the novels †¦ from his native land (India) and other countries (Pakistan), wherehearts try west half and was not â€Å"(Aizaz Ahmad, 135).Here is the critical discussion of travel Paranjape competing forms of writing: Diaspora-residents or their home and remained competitive Primarily a space of land, buildings, and stressed that the possibility of damage to create, like the indigenous self- representation is intended to take the international literary market place and can contribute to the colonization ofthe Indian psyche to think that after the taste of the West Indies prefer to see in a negative light. â€Å"It â₠¬Ëœworks by various authors as Kuketu Mehta, Amitava Ghosh, Tabish, Khair, Agha Shahid Ali, Sonali Bose, Salman Rushdie, a fusion of Diasporic consciousness and established.They are domestic, but not narrow nationalism, respect for institutions local and ecumenical, four human values and pluralism in India as â€Å"worldly life. † (Ashcraft, 31-56) Thediasporian writers participating in cultural transmission, which is exchanged in this way the translation of a map of reality for many readers. It ‘also has bundles of memories and expressed a mixture of high global and national experience real and imagined relationship. Suketu Mehta is the idea of a home is not a consumer device. He said: You can not go home to eat certain foods, playing the film on your TV screens.When you havestay there again â€Å"(Mehta 13). So his book Maximum City is the definition of a real life, habits, health, habits, traditions, dreams and dark subterranean life on the edge of an act to get rid of Bombay become Mumbai. It is also true, so Diasporic writing is full of a sense of alienation, love the earth and discouragement, a double identification with the country of origin and country Adopted, Crisis of Identity, Memory and mythnic protestdiscrimination is the country of adoption. An autonomous space in which the lack of non-permanent diasporas fullness. MK Gandhi, the first alue of syncretic solutions to understand â€Å"because he never asked for a clean house for the Indians in South socio-cultural spaces and Sudhir Kumar Gandhi confirmed as the first provider of diasporic hybridity. Gandhi had seen any for discrimination of high and low, found large and small, Hindu or Muslim or Christian or Sikh, but those â€Å"Although bothchildren of Mother India. † Diaspora writings are to some extent the research of new items you actually run the distance, geographical and cultural diversity, create new structures of feeling. The merger is subversive.It resists authoritarianism, and cultural challenges official truth â€Å"(Ahmad Aizaz. In theory: classes, nations, Literature, OUP, 1992, p. 126), one of the most important aspects of writing is that it forces questioned Diasporic and challenger authoritativeThe voices of time (history). The Shadow Line by Amitav Ghosh, the impulse, when the Indian states have been complicit in the programs after the assassination of Indira Gandhi. The author is really in the book when he says: â€Å"In India there is a disturbance of drilling in public, curfew declared paramilitary units have entered the utmost care, the army of King to the affected areas.No city in India is better equipped for this level of detail such as New Delhi, for perform with his highSafety device (Amitava Ghosh, 51). The authors of the diaspora is the global paradigm shift, as the challenges of the postmodern turn to stories of power to silence the voices of homeless exceeds the marginal votes persistent and has a current state of privilege. These shifts suggest: â€Å"It is they who have suffered the punishment, the history-subjugation, domination, diaspora, displacement, we learn our most enduringLessons in life and thought â€Å"(Bhabha 172).Amitav Ghosh’s novels, particularly hungry tide, where the nature Kanai Dutt is thrown together â€Å"in connection with a random cetologist United States, has studied freshwater Dalphines Priya Roy, The Brebirostris Oracaella. Many live acts came when Sunderbans Nirmal Marxist teacher diaries came to light. And ‘love affair with political activism, and came to settle in with his wife NilimaLucibari and relations between them are contained in pragmatism Nilima: â€Å"You live in a dream world, a haze of poetryThese passages of the novel metaphorical distinction between center and edge little story and history are well aware of the gods and the gods of small things. In Ghosh’s novels an attack against unarmed settlers Moriches Jhapa allowing them to put forcively run by gangsters hired by the States. They were†Meeting the island †¦ they were settlers, and their hearts sank boats, were destroyed† (ibid. ) Similarly, a series of novels by South Asian and British writers on the theme of separation a reality evident in world history. Partition was the most traumatic experience of the division of heart and community.Even Ice Candy Mon consists of 32 chapters and gives a glimpse int o a swamp on the disastrous events of sub-continent during distribution,distribution of common clashes between Hindus and Sikhs on one side and Muslims on the other. Muslims have been established in a village and killing of Hindus was Pirpindo Lahore. It ‘was only the partition cause the greatest holocaust and cruel massacre in the annals of mankind. Lenny on eight years of a child to say the chain of events in light of his memory. How to learn from their elders and see how the image of divided India through his own eyes of the chain andElement of the novel.There is a good mix of nostalgia and belonging to different perspectives and points of nostalgia and sadness and joy of Sufism and Bhakti are contained in the work of Aga Shahid Ali. Most of the great novels of South Asia is full of consciousness of the diaspora, there is nothing but the testimony of all events in social reality, nostalgia and sense of belonging. Train to Pakistan, The Dark Dancer, Azadi, Men’s Ice Candy, a curve of the Ganges, the twice-born, Midnight’s Children, the sunlight on a broken column, twice dead, ropes and ash and petals of these novels abound for the same tragic history of trouble and strifefrom different angles. Most histories of the countries are written in the South-colonial South Asian countries were the same post in the colonial era by the English. After a lengthy struggle for independence, as these countries are released, a bolt second from the blue partition happened. This question has been how and why most South Asian novels and the popularity of it is his prediction of goldfuture. So, in end we can say that Diasporic writing is committed to realism, to nation and to culture of the homeland of the writer. How to cite Commiment in Diasporic Literature, Papers

Music Of Ur Soul Essay Example For Students

Music Of Ur Soul Essay Vocabulary Unit 2Animadversion: Strong criticismAvid: Having an ardent desire or unbounded craving; greedyBrackish: Having a somewhat salty taste, especially from containing a mixture of seawater and fresh waterCelerity: Swiftness of action or motion; speedCovenant: A binding agreement; a compactDevious: Not straightforward; shiftyGambit: Games An opening in chess in which a minor piece, or pieces, usually a pawn, is offered in exchange for a favorable positionHistrionic: Of or relating to actors or actingHoyden: A high-spirited, boisterous, or saucy girl. Invidious: Tending to rouse ill will, animosity, or resentmentMaelstrom: A violent or turbulent situationOvert: Open and observable; not hidden, concealed, or secretPejorative: Tending to make or become worsePropound: To put forward for consideration; set forthPropriety: The quality of being proper; appropriatenessSacrilege: Desecration, profanation, misuse, or theft of something sacredSummarily: Presenting the substance in a condensed form; conciseSuppliant: Asking humbly and earnestly; beseechingTalisman: An object marked with magic signs and believed to confer on its bearer supernatural powers or protectionTremulous: Marked by trembling, quivering, or shakingUndulate: To cause to move in a smooth wavelike motion. Music Essays

Parents Responsibility free essay sample

Unlike mothers, fathers do not always have parental responsibility for their children. With more than one in three children now born outside marriage, some parents may be unclear about who has legal parental responsibility for their children. What is parental responsibility? While the law does not define in detail what parental responsibility is, the following list sets out the key roles: †¢ providing a home for the child †¢ having contact with and living with the child †¢ protecting and maintaining the child †¢ disciplining the child †¢ choosing and providing for the childs education †¢ determining the religion of the child Agreeing to the childs medical treatment †¢ naming the child and agreeing to any change of the childs name †¢ accompanying the child outside the UK and agreeing to the childs emigration, should the issue arise †¢ being responsible for the childs property †¢ appointing a guardian for the child, if necessary †¢ allowing confidential information about the child to be disclosed Who has parental responsibility? In England and Wales, if the parents of a child are married to each other at the time of the birth, or if they have jointly adopted a child, then they both have parental responsibility. We will write a custom essay sample on Parents Responsibility or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Parents do not lose parental responsibility if they divorce, and this applies to both the resident and the non-resident parent. This is not automatically the case for unmarried parents. According to current law, a mother always has parental responsibility for her child. A father, however, has this responsibility only if he is married to the mother when the child is born or has acquired legal responsibility for his child through one of these three routes: †¢ (from 1 December 2003) by jointly registering the birth of the child with the mother †¢ by a parental responsibility agreement with the mother

Promote Equality, Diversity and Inclusion Essay Essays

Promote Equality, Diversity and Inclusion Essay Essays Promote Equality, Diversity and Inclusion Essay Essay Promote Equality, Diversity and Inclusion Essay Essay 1. Be able to advance equality and diverseness in work with immature people. 1. 1Identify the current statute law and codification of pattern relevant to the publicity of equality and valuing of diverseness. SEN codification of pattern 2001 This act was created to beef up the rights of SEN kids and their parents to a mainstream instruction. The act was designed to do a difference to the instruction of SEN kids by leting them to hold entree to the educational installations available all kids. This is done by offering support tailored to the demands of the person and their households whilst taking the sentiment and wants of the kid into history with respects to any determinations made. It focuses on the demand for a partnership between the kid. their parents. instructors. bureaus involved in their attention ; with the demand for regular reappraisals and advancement studies. Educational act 2002- 2006 The educational act is designed to put out the duties of the caputs of all school environments. local educational governments and governors and to guarantee that all kids are provided a safe environment. The act is continuously update and in 2002 alterations were made with respects to the duties placed on governors and staff. In 2006 farther amendments were made to underscore the responsibility of schools to advance community coherence by working with other community administrations. A good illustration of this is â€Å"pop in† . set up by the school and the chapel in Marshchapel. where pupils and aged members of the community meet up on a hebdomadal footing to hold tiffin and portion narratives. Data protection act 1998 This at was written with respects to the maintaining and hive awaying of records and informations and it regulates the sharing of information. The act concerns both paper and electronic informations. Any administration which collects or shops information must be registered with the informations protection committee and the information they collect must merely be used for the intent which it was intended. To protect the information given by persons informations must stay on site in a locked cabinet or a watchword protected computing machine and must merely be portion with the consent of the person. Freedom of information act 2000 This act of the UK parliament defines the ways in which members of the populace may derive entree to authorities held information. The act creates a right of entree when requested by an person to information held by public governments. advancing openness and transparence whilst understating the hazard of injury to any single entity. Equality act 2010 The act is a consolidation of the legion arrays of complicated anti-discrimination Acts of the Apostless and ordinances already present in the UK. The chief organic structures of statute law incorporated into the act include the Equal Pay Act 1970. the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. the Race Relations Act 1976. the Disability Discrimination Act 1995. It focuses on beef uping the rights of all persons irrespective of age. disablement. gender ( with particular protections put in topographic point for pregnant adult females ) . relationship position. race. sexual orientation. faith or belief. With extra specifications put in topographic point for disablement that province employers and service suppliers are responsible for doing alterations to their workplaces to get the better of barriers experienced by handicapped people. Children Act 1989 and 2004 The Children Act 1989 was designed to assist maintain kids safe and good. It intends to assist kids to populate with their household by supplying services appropriate to the child’s needs. The act was updated in 2004 following the decease of eight twelvemonth old Victoria Climbie ; its intent was to do England a safer topographic point for kids and emphasised the importance of communicating between bureaus responsible for the public assistance of kids. It besides included counsel specifically aimed towards the assistance and public assistance of handicapped kids. Every kid affairs 2003 Following the decease of Victoria Climbie the authorities produced a paper titled Every Child Matters with the purpose that every kid. regardless of their background or fortunes should hold entree to the support they need. Below is the mission statement from that study. Every Child Matters. 2003 Be healthyEnjoying good physical and mental wellness and populating a healthy life style Stay safeBeing protected from injury and disregardEnjoy and achieveGetting the most out of life and developing the accomplishments for maturity Make a positive contributionBeing involved with the community and society and non prosecuting in anti-social or piquing behavior Achieve economic well-beingNot being prevented by economic disadvantage from accomplishing their full potency Race dealingss act 1976 and 2000 This act makes it illegal for school to know apart. straight or indirectly. They are expected to supply the same chances to all kids and to better academic developments across the board. Schools are required to hold their ain race equality policy which is linked into an action program and must advance equal chances and improved relationships between racial groups 1. 2Explain the importance of advancing the rights of all kids and immature people to engagement and equality of entree. It is indispensable that all kids have full entree to all countries of instruction to let them to to the full develop in every manner possible. There is much statute law in pattern to help this including every kid affairs. the SEN codification of pattern and the disablement favoritism act. Schools are required to let every kid to follow an person acquisition program catered specifically to their personal demands. In add-on to this all kids have the right to an equal instruction in a mainstream school with the chances to play and larn together. There must be no favoritism for any ground towards any members of staff. parents or students. This attitude towards inclusivity non merely promotes better development both academically and socially but is besides a more efficient usage of resources. Each school must hold a codification of pattern in topographic point incorporating information associating to equal chances and a policy refering the schools patterns environing particular educational demands to protect and profit all pupils and staff. Schools should concentrate on the single demands of all pupils and let chances for them to go incorporate with non merely their equals but the local community. There are certain groups that may be more vulnerable to exclusion or segregation. These groups include households who hold English as a 2nd linguistic communication. pupils who are gifted and talented or are new to the school. In add-on to these. households who are of a cultural or cultural minority. parents whose positions and values differ from that of the school or looked after kids may besides be susceptible to assorted signifiers of exclusion. It is of import that we are aware to handle all persons the same regardless of their beliefs. capablenesss or background. Children. staff and parents with particular educational demands can frequently be exposed to exclusion and unwilled segregation. It is critical that resources are put in topographic point to enable all persons to be to the full included in every facet of life and that all chances are available to them. 1. 3Explain the importance and benefits of valuing and advancing cultural diverseness in work with kids and immature people. Promoting cultural diverseness at an early age and exposing kids to a huge array of beliefs will profit them greatly as this cognition will forestall them from going individual minded. Educating kids about cultural differences will enable them develop a common regard for all beliefs and will demo them that all civilizations including their ain are valued. Knowing this will let kids to experience settled and secure within their environment. Schools are encouraged to implement a figure of schemes to guarantee that households from all cultural backgrounds feel welcome. regardless of their beliefs or background. These include: Without these methods of researching and observing a diverse scope of civilizations and beliefs kids may go closed off to the positions of others. Children and households who are in the minority may experience segregated or excluded. Children who feel this manner may so develop feelings of anxiety and malaise. which in bend will hold an inauspicious consequence on their ability to socialize and their academic development. 1. 4Interact with kids and immature people in a manner that values diverseness and respects cultural. spiritual and cultural differences. Observed in Puting 1. 5Demonstrate ways of using the rules of equality. diverseness and anti-discriminatory pattern in your ain work with kids and immature people. In my working environment I come into contact with kids from a assortment of different societal and cultural backgrounds. There are many households with differing and varied beliefs. which are celebrated and respected by staff. kids and their households likewise. All kids have the right to go to school and must be given the chance to be included in every facet of school life. In instances where kids have extra demands lessons and activities must be modified to give them the same chances as their equals. This may include the usage of extra resources or equipment specific to the scholars demands. Sometimes it may be necessary to seek add-on preparation to assistance and enrich the acquisition chances of a kid. for illustration larning makaton. how to utilize Braille or PECS ( image exchange communicating system ) which can be utile to pass on with kids who have a broad scope of communicating differences including autism. Sometimes extra support may be all a kid requires. or merely the clip to larn and complete undertakings at their ain gait. A kid utilizing PECS to bespeak a coveted point Simply put. anti-discriminatory pattern is making an environment where cipher experiences favoritism regardless of factors such as their race. gander. ability. civilization or ethnicity. It is the ability to give just intervention and equal acquisition chances to all persons. To pattern this in my school and schoolroom I must guarantee I treat those around me with trust and regard. Children who witness this positive attitude and the relationships it creates will mime my behavior and in bend will be able to make their ain unfastened and positive relationships. It is critical that I celebrate the differences and similarities between all people in our diverse society and actively pattern this in my day-to-day life and the manner I treat others. If I become cognizant of prejudiced remarks or actions made by others I must dispute this and where necessary study it to the appropriate individual.

Business Plan for Educational Website

Business Plan for Educational Website 1.0 Executive Summary Stay Clean, is a site that is based on Environmental Management Practices Education. It is owned and operated by me, Morrison Edwards. I am determined to ensuring that people live in an environment free of contaminations and appealing to live in. I am thus taking the initiative to educate people on how we can make our environment friendlier for habitation. The people are taught to carry out environmental practices once in a month. The activities involved in the practices are quite simple and are meant to encourage people on how the little changes they make in the initiative can make an enormous difference to the environment and their personal lives. The sources of revenue supporting the plan are from my personal savings from employment. I will be organizing with other affiliate companies and retailers to provide me with the products I will require in the process. Our benefits will be commission based from the sales of the products used in the environmental management practice. Financially the strategy is aimed at making profits, and of most concern will be minimizing expenses. A portion of the profits will be ploughed back into the business while the rest will be used for personal growth. I believe that it is a just course to keep our environment clean as much as the initiative is also a money creating opportunity. The cash flow into the action is a priority as well as the cash balance. In accomplishing my goals, the following areas are going to be of emphasis. The web content must be of the best quality and interactive to the users. The tips will be elaborate and engaging, inspiring and empowering so that the users will share the tips quickly enough to improve the use of the website. The project is aimed for gross profits in the future and so I will cut the current expenses to meet my current demands. The products that will be required in the process of the affiliate companies will have to be recommended on the website for buying by the people so that the profits gained from the commission will be used in the initiative. Since I do not intend to use more money in the expenses the online marketing plan will have to be perfectly effected to meet the expectations. 1.1 Mission The website is an educational platform meant to teach people on how to maintain the environment clean by performing cleanliness practices at least twice in one month. For the entire year. I am looking forward to enlightening people so that they become more environmentally conscious. In the process the affiliate institutions and retailers will have the opportunity to sell their products. The profits will be shared among all the member parties, the producing companies, the retailers and me. 1.2 Objectives of the Plan i) To conducting weekly environmental teaching sessions. Educate people on how their contribution in maintaining the environment will reduce environmental hazards or detrimental environmental impacts on the general popu lation. ii) At the end of the first year the website should have approximately 500 subscribers already signed up for the weekly tips on the environment. iii) The site must receive 10,000 customers monthly. iv) Profits will be evaluated within six months. v) The Profit will be redistributed to support the project and into personal savings. 1.3 Important Factors of success i) The Website content will have to be quality; the weekly tips will be elaborate and straightforward, friendly and inspiring. ii) The marketing of the site must be exquisite for maximum subscription iii) The expenses will remain flat to maximize profitability. iv) The products sold will be environmentally friendly and the buyers will have to be inspired so that the commissions care increased to make profits. 1.4 Summary of the Business The Stay Clean initiative is a small business website based in Marina and it is purposefully meant to enlighten the community on the effectiveness of cleanlines s to minimise the impacts of environmental hazards. The cleanliness initiatives training will be conducted twice a month as explained on the website. The teaching sessions are conducted online on the website or on weekly meetings for an individual attendance. The weekly audience subscription is free. The business will be making profits from commission received by the sale of products obtained from the Affiliate Company and retailers supplying the products to be used in the initiative. 1.5 Financial Plan I am looking forward to starting the initiative with a capital of 3000 dollars obtained from my personal savings. This will be used to come up with the website and in facilitating services of the Affiliate Company and retailers. The money will also be spent on the legal purposes and acquiring the computer equipment and in registering the computer domain for the name of the website. The remaining expenses will remain untouched until income generation begins. 1.6 Ownership of the Business Initiative The Stay Clean Business initiative is a sole proprietorship, a plan created and founded by (name). It is an enlightenment effort as well for personal growth The Products involved The business does not produce the required products on its own. I am marketing earthly friendly products recommended for cleaning and maintaining the environment. The products will be acquired from a company and retailers who will be paying the commission based on the sales of the products made. The company and the retailers are the affiliate parties. The goods thus will not be costly thus the cost of production is cut. The fulfillment and the inventory levels or the customer service. The only risk involved in the business is that the profit is commission based and only received in terms of percentage of the sales obtained from mobilization through the website organised weekly teaching sessions, and not from the entire sales. The recommended environmentally friendly products are: i) Products that can be reused. These are products that can be put back into use like lunch bags, batteries etc. ii) Supporting consumption of organic foods: vegetables, fruits, and snack meals. iii) Paper products that can be recycled. iv) Cloth diapers. v) Kitchen products: Cloth rags, towels etc. vi) Herbal medicines. vii) Low water usage: Shower heads, horse pipes and equipment that reduce water use. viii) Books on environmental friendliness. xi) Solar powered appliances and the tools and equipment running on solar. x) Music about environmental maintenance and friendliness. Market analysis Out target market is the general community especially the internauts or the technology survey who can access the internet in the age bracket of 18-55 years. This is the target group that can be used to make the environment better. The secondary market target are the students of age 12-22 who can have adequate time engaging in the environmental management practices. The retired people are also focused as they have more free time to attend the training sessions. 4.2 Target market Segment Strategy Since our primary aim is to live in an environmentally friendly atmosphere while also making profits, we have particular reason for the targeted market 1. The students – We engage them as they are technology survey and will pass the information faster to their associates, again they will embrace the initiative as they like clean surroundings 2. Adults – It is the largest market and the biggest target. They are the individuals who will be purchasing the products thus significant in revenue generation. 3. The retirees. They have more free time and resources to spend on initiatives that are environmentally friendly. 4.3 Industry Analysis The website is meant for educational reasons and since the educational sites are hardly available the completion is slim. The existing environmental sites deal with either giving news on the envir onment or other environmental topics not related to the latter. The website is an environmental friendly pro initiatives marketing products aimed at improving the environment from which the sales will receive the profits that is commission based. 4.4 Buying patterns Our focus is on enlightening people on the products they knew never existed and going by the friendliness in the adverts and inspiration, the customers will definitely chose us over other competitors as the information provided is simple and comprehensive but not overwhelming. Those who shall have adopted the information will just be buying the products and mostly will be introducing more people thus an increase in the product sales increasing out profits. The product finding process will be simplified so that they can easily be found in the Affiliate Company and retailers. (Software, 2017). References Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2015). Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Finch, B. (2016). How to write a business plan. Kogan Page Publishers. Hollensen, S. (2015). Marketing Management: A Relationship Approach. Pearson Education. Huynh, M., Appell, R., & Stetkiewicz, M. (2014). Process mapping. Software, P. A. (n.d.). Educational Website Business Plan. Retrieved February 21, 2017, from http://www.bplans.com/educational_website_business_plan/financial_plan_fc.php

Opioid analgesics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Opioid analgesics - Term Paper Example Opiod analgesics can be natural, semi-synthetic, fully synthetic or endogenous in nature. The naturally occurring opiods can be attaned by incising a seed pod which has a substance known as opium. This opium contains alkaloids and the primary alkaloid is morphine. Semi synthetic opiods are the ones that are created from these natural opiates. Examples of semi-synthetic opiods are hydrocodone, desomorphine and buprenorphine. Fully synthetic ones are the ones created totally in the laboratory and these include fentanyl and pethidine. Endogenous opiods are the ones that are produced inside the body and these include endorphins and enkephalins. Some names of opioids are Morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, methadone, meperidine, fentanyl, sufentanil, alfentanil, levorphanol and codeine. Opioids are the most effective and best option of treatment of pain that has a chronic pattern and has been persisting for a very long time. It has been proved to be useful for unbearable and severe pain for relief. It is very useful in life hampering conditions which do not have a definite cure which include late stages of cancers and opioids are used in these pathologies. It is also an option of treatment for anxiety. Other clinical uses include the usage of these drugs in spinal analgesia. Opiods can also be used as drugs for the treatment of diarrhea. They can also induce sleep and hence can be used as sedatives. Another common indication for opioids is in decreasing the reflex of cough. Opiods can also serve as emetic agents and can be used to induce vomiting. Acute pulmonary edema is a clinical condition which can be relieved by the provision of opiods by the mechanism of dilation of the vessels. Certain opiods which have long lasting effects are used in the rehabilitation programs for the treatment of the opiod addicts so as to counter the withdrawal symptoms seen in these patients. The opioids are a class of drugs that have a good rate of absorption when they are taken by m outh. A few opioids serve as exceptions which include morphine, hydromorphone and oxymorphone. These drugs undergo the first pass effect before they enter the circulation. These drugs can hence be given by the parenteral route. These drugs have the capability of reaching the most of the tissues of the human body. They can also cross the placenta. These drugs are acted upon by the enzymes of the liver and are converted into forms of glucoronide. Their route of removal from the human body is via the renal system. Alcohol has the ability of increasing the effects of the opioids on the human body. Also in patients with pathologies of the liver, the effect of the opiods becomes prolonged owing to the inactivity of the enzymes of the liver. Opioids have the capability of working via three mechanisms that is via receptors, opioid peptides and via certain ionic pathways. The receptors of opioids are present in the peripheral nerves, in the cells of the gut as well as other important regions of the body. The receptors are classified as mu receptors, kappa receptors and delta receptors. The properties of the opioids responsible for relieving the pain are carried out via the mu receptors. The delta receptors are presented in the distal regions of the body and they are considered to be responsible for inducing tolerance to the drugs. The kappa receptors are considered to be responsible for inducing sleep. These receptors of the opioids act via the second messenger, G proteins. They function via preventing the activity of

STARBUCKS TIME MANAGEMENT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

STARBUCKS TIME MANAGEMENT - Research Paper Example It is the largest coffeehouse worldwide. The organization structure of Starbucks focuses on the incorporation of corporate social responsibility into their department. Their strategy involves good sourcing, high level environmental performance in the development, and creation of new stores. They involve working together to be respected partnership in their communities and communicate their corporate social responsibilities. The type of organization structure of Starbucks is a functional structure which is comprised of all the departments that are required in an organization for smooth production of its goods and services. The organization structure is headed by the Chief Executive officer (CEO). In the year 2001 to 2005, Orin C. Smith was the President and CEO of Starbucks. Howard Schultz is the originator of the company, who is also the chairman. The Starbucks Company operates under the matrix organization structure. Their operation is under four U.S divisions, including Western Pacific, North West Mountain, South east pl ains and North east Atlantic. Under the CEO in the matrix structure, in the other divisions, there is the President, International Retail, Legal and Corporate Affairs, Finance, Supply Chain Operations, Marketing, Human Resources, Legal and Worldwide Public Affairs. The advantage of having this kind of structure is that it leads to maximized communication channels. Starbucks second part of the structure is the continuation of support functions, which operate at their individual departments supporting their shared goals and visions (Jones, 2005). There are 4 functions of management and every organization structure does play a role. They are; Planning, Organizing, Leading and Controlling. In Planning, it involves creation of business mission and objectives and establishing how to achieve. Those at the top of the organization hierarchy are mostly the ones involved since they have to identify the

Education Essay Example for Free

Education Essay Someone once told me that â€Å"Education is the building blocks of one’s character†. As much as it sounds too much of a cliche’ I couldn’t help but agree with this well known quotation. Although it may be true, that one’s education cannot define a man, it also holds true that different forms of education is readily available and it makes or breaks a man into who he is in his current disposition and into who he may want to be in the future. Some people claim that education is a matter of circumstance and privilege, that in this modern day and age, only those with the proper resources can have the proper education that one may need in order to be successful. If you ask me, this is only true in the terms of getting a degree to get all the right opportunities. But in reality, real education that will lead you towards the ends of your goals in life is the education you gain in life experiences. Let’s take Bill Gates and Albert Einstein who both didn’t finish college for example, they only succeeded in their personal aspirations by learning in the arena of their life and living itself. It may be important to note that in life, one must need a model to see how life is lived and how we learn from everything we see and experience in our day to day living. It may not always be formal education that we may attribute our learnings all the time, but it is imperative that any form of education should take place in order for us to grow in all different aspects of our lives. May it be in our professional lives, personal lives or for social reasons, a learning curb can be gained by us through the years because we were educated not only on how to live life, but most importantly how to be continuously educated till there is nothing more to learn in this life which may bring us to the breaking point of death or suicide. But in both scenarios, we still know that it is an imperative that a learning experience should be observed for us to prosper in a game called life.

Correcting Librarian Stereotypes Essay -- Library Career Profession

What do picture when you think of librarians? Librarians are often stereotyped as being conservative, orderly, thorough, and passive (1, 2, 3)? Perhaps the best known librarian stereotype is the "spinsterly and authoritarian naysayer over-concerned with regulations and maintaining a hushed library environment" (4). But where do these stereotypes come from, and are they really true? Perhaps librarians' professional invisibility is to blame for some of the stereotypes. Most people think that everyone who works in libraries is a librarian, and that librarian duties consist mainly of shelving and checking out books (5, 6). Think again! Librarians are not usually involved in shelving and circulation responsibilities. Much of the work librarians do isn't visible to library users. And even a children's story time involves behind-the-scenes work and knowledge. The history of libraries and librarianship may also contribute to these stereotypes. Public libraries were often started to "improve" working people, and librarians often really were "goody two shoes" (7). But although they still take their social responsibilities seriously, the librarians (and libraries) of today are very different. Keep reading to find out what librarians really do and who they really are. But first, follow me on a technological history of librarians. Where did the original stereotype of librarians as bun-wearing "shush-ers" come from? Let's think low tech--before the days of advanced communication technology, ideas were spread through word of mouth and writing. So did these traditional images come from interactions with real librarians which were then communicated amongst people and accepted into our society's lore of the librar... ...w.outsights.com/systems/dikw/dikw.htm>. In "Module 3: Introduction to Information and Digital Representations." LIBR 500: Foundations of Information Technology, Web CT Reading, Mary Sue Stephenson. 22. Stephenson, Mary Sue. "Module 3: Introduction to Information and Digital Representations." LIBR 500: Foundations of Information Technology, Web CT Reading. 23. Rybash, John M., Paul A. Roodin, and William J. Hoyer. Adult Development and Aging, 3d ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1995. 24. Scherdin, Mary Jane, and Anne Beaubien. "Shattering Our Stereotype: Librarians' New Image." Library Journal 12 (1 July 1995): 35-8. 25. Houdyshell, Mara, Patricia A. Robles, and Hua Yi. "What Were You Thinking: If You Could Choose Librarianship Again, Would You?" Information Outlook 3 (July 1999): 19-23.

Challenges of Studying Written and Oral Sources in Africa

One of the biggest issues facing African historians is the fact that the study of actual African History is relatively new. A large majority of the sources available are written from the point of view of Europeans, with an Intended audience of Europeans. L In this egocentric method of reporting history, Africans were viewed more as objects: a people with a past but no history. 2 The written â€Å"historical† sources provided by imperialists robbed Africans of their voice.The principal challenge facing African historians Is to find a way to Inject the African voice Into the narrative, and thus roved a more accurate representation of the continental history. This task presents more profound questions. What qualities make someone an African? Is it sufficient to be a black person living on the continent? Are there levels of ethnicity? Are the descendants of Africans brought to other parts of the world In the slave trade â€Å"Africans†? Ultimately, who decides who Is  "African†? Equally problematic is the Issue regarding what represents a credible source, either written or oral.Each presents unique challenges that must be addressed in order to qualify the value of the Information they portend to provide. While the more traditional African historical sources are Invariably prone to the problem of European bias, cave paintings offer a source that was born out of a desire of an African (not a European) to document their experiences. For example, the rock art of Gill Kefir in what is present-day Egypt represents people allegedly engaging in the catchy of swimming. 3 This offers historians perhaps the oldest example of source material regarding African history. UT what does this ‘Written† source actually tell African historians? Most importantly, it definitively proves that someone was there, and through scientific dating cuisines, It indicates approximately when they were there. This is real, hard evidence, which â€Å"underpins al l historical research. â€Å"4 This Is not to Infer that there are not problems with the use of the paintings as a source of usable evidence. The older a source is, it is more likely to be inaccurate. 5 Were the people in the paintings actually swimming, as scientists believe?Does that mean that the desert where the cave paintings were found was once a land that contained lakes or rivers? Or did the cave painters devise their art from the second-hand memories of others who had traveled to faraway lands? What was the reason they chose to document their experience? Was it graffiti? Was it done for religious reasons? Was it a territorial marking? Archaeological sites are less prevalent in Africa than other parts of the world, which Is problematic In having the ability to compare this particular site to others.Further, the available archives needed to compare these archaeological finds are fewer in number in African regions, and sometimes less accessible due to political reasons. The I nformation In the African archives that do exist Is often more difficult to translate than traditional archival Information In that most African engages are oral, and not written, and nearly impossible to document without the benefit of oral history. 6 How can African historians mitigate these challenges and ‘OFF source?One suggestion is to actively search for other existing examples of cave paintings and to compare them based on materials, method, content, location, etc. When such comparable examples do not exist, scientists could initiate more archaeological digs, extend communication among scientists to broaden the evidence base, and exert political pressure upon leaders to focus on scientific endeavors, as well as the preservation of the archives. Like historians in other parts of the world, African historians face the challenge of deteriorating archives because of damage caused by the elements, water damage, and insects. Traditional written sources such as government docu ments, tax records, and newspapers may also be lost due to archival neglect. Historians must consider several criteria of source criticism to determine each written source's historical value. 8 Regardless of the name on the document, who was the actual author? What was the real purpose of the document? Who was the intended audience? Did the author have personal motives in reporting it in the manner in which he did? For example, most government documents from Colonial Africa were written by Europeans, with an intended European audience.There is no African voice in this â€Å"history. † Africans were treated like objects,9 and colonial imperialistic authors of written sources â€Å"believed that they actually were generating history for the first time?that Africa (and Africans) had no history before their arrival. â€Å"10 Another limitation of written documents is that they are created from the point of view of an observer, and thus produce an opinion that is completely subj ective, and thereby, by definition, are open to other opinions and observations. To address the limitations of written documents, historians often attempt to incorporate oral sources in conjunction with written sources in order to strengthen historical evidence. â€Å"Anxiety about flawed written sources drew scholars away from libraries and into towns and villages for historical narrative. â€Å"12 The incorporation of oral history into the narrative makes it more evidential and gives the written documents a more verifiable African voice. Relying on written documents from the Colonial period without the incorporation of oral sources, in many cases, produces an inaccurate version of African history.Typically, in the African â€Å"history' provided by Colonial Europeans their culture, norms, and ideology were largely ignored. â€Å"One of the key methods to avoid (the possibility of denying Africans a voice in their own history) is to include a people's own oral traditions and li fe histories in ethnographically and archaeological work. â€Å"13 Because most African languages in Colonial Africa were oral and not written,14 it is imperative to consider oral sources to bolster the evidence provided by written sources. Oral sources can provide a wealth of historical evidence.For example, Historical linguists use oral sources to accurately track the movement of people across the continent. 15 This evidence of human migration can help explain cultural change, which is important when considering that a lack of concentration of people in a particular area makes a study of their culture less possible. Oral histories offer first-hand accounts of events. These oral histories evolve into oral traditions;16 stories passed down from generation to generation, offering us a glimpse of pre-colonial Africa not found in the Euro-centric written documents of imperialists.Oral sources obviously can complement the written, a realization that was for too long lost on most profes sional order to strengthen written sources to form cohesive historical evidence is Jan Vinson, who â€Å"established that the stories handed down from one generation to another †¦ Were as stable and reliable accounts of their past as were the written chronicles and personal narratives†¦ (and) that in fact they were of the same genre. â€Å"18 In Banana's own words: â€Å"by creating a lifelike setting, (oral tradition) gives evidence about how situations as they were observed, as well as about beliefs uncovering situations. 19 Thus, oral sources, through both shared oral history and oral traditions, combined with written sources, form a more credible account of historical occurrences than written sources alone provide. Oral sources, though, are not without their limitations. â€Å"(H)Astoria can place trust in oral sources only to the extent that they can be verified by means of external evidence of another kind, such as archaeological, linguistic, or cultural. â€Å" 20 Oral sources are subject to misinterpretation because of selective or collective memory, rumor, myth, or hearsay. That being said, oral sources subject to these limitations still offer substance, because historians can still study why the subjects believe it happened that way. 22 African historians can mitigate the limitations of oral sources by searching for information that is valuable, if not as historical evidence, but as information that is not readily apparent through the written archive. While attempting to glean evidence from a source on one topic, a historian may gain knowledge of another unintended topic.Ultimately, â€Å"it is the duty of the historian to subject all written accounts to radical internal and external analysis to determine authenticity and credibility. If the accounts are thoroughly examined, and the texts can be compared to one another with the information contained in oral and other sources, they will continue to yield valuable information on the hist ory of Africa. â€Å"23 These things considered; if an historian wanted to get an approximation of how many Africans were enslaved, maimed or killed in the occupation of King Leopold in the Congo, where would they start? What sources would they utilize, and what would they expect to find?What there information might they â€Å"accidentally' stumble upon? I propose that a good place to start would be to examine any existing hospital documents from 1885-1908, to determine if there is a written record of the number of people treated for loss of limbs. Local censuses (if available), police records, military ledgers, property records, death certificates might also prove as fruitful written resources. Additionally, missionary records in the region mighty prove to be valuable, especially considering that they would probably not require translation, lessening the possibility that any information would be mistranslated.Another possible valuable written source might be records in the Belgia n archive, or that of the present-day Democratic Republic of Congo. The historian might hope to find information or documents concerning the Congo Reform Association, which might shed some light on the information she seeks. Additionally, research on the Congo Free State propaganda war and the International Association of the Congo might provide valuable useful written sources of evidence of injuries and deaths to those enslaved at that time.One might also be able to glean useful information from historical-based literature, such as Joseph Concord's Heart of Darkness, Sir Arthur Cowan Dole's The Crime of the Congo, and Bertrand Russell Freedom and Organization. Research on the parties evidence of the atrocities in the region, including Edmund Dine Muriel, Roger Casement and the aforementioned Bertrand Russell. Local museums might contain artwork from the region during Loophole's occupation that captures the outrage, despair and helplessness of the affected.By speaking to locals, she might learn, through oral tradition, the stories passed down from generation to generation about the occupation. In the unlikely, yet still possible event, that any 106-year-old residents still survive, they would be able to provide first-hand oral history. Other than gaining information regarding the number of enslaved, killed and maimed, she would, in all probability, gain an understanding of the long-term effects of the occupation of Leopold upon the citizens, as well as information of how Loophole's occupation came to an end due to intense international criticism.Possible obstacles that she might experience: In retreat, Leopold may have destroyed written evidence of the atrocities, as well as local artwork or libraries. His regime may have been so strict that any expression, either written or oral, was prohibited and subject to the same penalties as those who refused to work in the mines, or underperformed in their duties, diminishing oral sources. Let's consider that the same historian endeavored to learn the approximate number of the descendants of diasporas Africans who returned to partake in the so-called â€Å"redeeming of Africa. Where might she begin, and what would she expect to find? What limitations might she encounter? What other information might she learn along the way? A good starting mint would be to visit the archives in Liberia and Sierra Leone; countries set up as places of African repatriation for freed slaves. There, she could view the legal records regarding who came back and when they returned, who their family members were, where they lived, as well as their professions. Available Census documents would prove to be invaluable in that regard.Ship's manifests would reflect the number of passengers returning to these countries, as well as the number of family members that accompanied them. She could research the founders of both countries, Joseph Jenkins Roberts, the first president of Liberia, and Christopher Koru Cole and Osaka Stev ens, early leaders of Sierra Leone, to find documents pertaining to the numbers of returning Africans. She could study historical literature about repatriation, such as Back to Africa: the Colonization Movement in Early Africa by Timothy Crummier, as well as Black Migration in America: a Social Demographic History by Daniel M.Johnson and Rexes R. Campbell. She could also read the works of the men who themselves returned, such as George Washington Williams, Samuel Jay Crotchet, and Henry McNealy Turner. 4 Some limitations she might experience in her research: inconclusive data due to the relative impossibility of proving that they (or their descendants) were indeed originally removed from the continent. Incomplete or inaccurate documentation might also prove to be a stumbling block in attaining this information.Additional research on topics such as the American Colonization Society, and the histories of both Liberia and Sierra Leone would not only provide numerical data, but also und oubtedly uncover unintended useful information about the achievements and political and religious aims of those who returned, as well as how hey were received. Did they consider themselves more â€Å"civilized† than the native Africans whose descendants had not been removed from the continent?What other the reasons why some Africans did not return, even though they had the opportunity. Through personal interviews of present-day citizens who are descendants of returning freed slaves she could learn of the oral traditions they had developed. She might also learn of the artwork prevalent in these regions, as well as the folklore and literature that the return to Africa produced, and how it differed from that of indigenous Africans. â€Å"As a recognized academic endeavor, (African history) has emerged only in the last four or five decades. 25 Until recently, African â€Å"history' was written by and for Europeans, and as such, didn't provide a realistic depiction of the people , the culture, and the overall actual history of the continent, but served more as a record of White encroachment, and functioned as a tool of propaganda to legitimate the â€Å"civilizing mission† of Europeans. By altering traditional methodology and utilizing both written and oral sources, a more accurate picture of African history ND its people can be discovered and studied.Beyond the fade of imperialistic African â€Å"history,† there is a real history of the African continent that invites further study, and such an endeavor is necessary in restoring the African â€Å"voice. † If we fail to do so, â€Å"(w)e run the risk of not only denying people a voice in the reconstruction of their own history, but offending and demeaning indigenous cultures when we use them as a model for the past without recognizing not only their changing past but their active involvement in changing and/or maintaining their identities and history in the present. â€Å"26